Digital Laws - Forensics & Information Security - Digital Forensics Ess

Question: Compose an article on Digital Forensics? Answer: Presentation: The capacity to gather information or data with the end goal of the basic examination is considered as a fundamental ability in the field of Criminal Justice (Caloyannides, 2004). Such aptitudes are vital with the end goal of critical thinking. The appearance of software engineering and innovation has offered ascend to another space of criminology: the computerized or PC wrongdoings. The rundown of the procedures used to direct computerized violations is developing as time passes: obviously that record do of criminal equity is likewise adjusting to the current circumstance by joining different advancements and com putting strategies to battle such wrongdoings (Clarke, 2010). In any case, it ought to likewise be remembered the procedures utilizing which such violations are being led are getting increasingly more complex with time, thus the criminal equity framework should consolidate recently created and inventive strategies in order to stay aware of the developing computerized wrongd oing methods. PC legal sciences or advanced legal sciences is one such PC innovation that is as of now being utilized in different operational exercises that are fundamental to research any computerized wrongdoing (Wiles, 2007). In this paper, different parts of the field of computerized or PC legal sciences have been examined in order to assess the significance of this innovation in the general public and in the field of criminal equity. PC legal sciences, alongside the study of advanced measurable, can be characterized with a certain goal in mind as that field PC contemplates which helps during the time spent gathering and breaking down different data or potentially record from any PC frameworks or gadgets and related stockpiling media units that can be treated as lawful proof in any courtroom (Craiger Shenoi, 2007). These PC crime scene investigation included specialists engaged with any case are responsible for those operational procedures that are led for the assessment of diff erent documents, envelope and other computerized media that are put away on any processing gadget or on extra stockpiling media in order to recoup records of data that may be relevant to any lawful circumstance or potentially matter (Wiles Reyes, 2007). Obviously, PC criminology alludes to that space of software engineering which manages the examination and investigation of the individual and private advanced records of any individual or any association, given that particular individual or association has been engaged with any legitimate issue (Gogolin, 2013). The area of PC criminological science is worried about the information assortment and examination process followed by exploring while at the same time testing any computerized or PC wrongdoing. While thinking about the examination system, it very well may be said that this specific control of software engineering fuses and actualizes the broadly known advancements and methods that are utilized during the time spent information revelation and recuperation. Alongside this highlights, the order of PC crime scene investigation likewise incorporates different rules, practices and philosophies that are helpful in making legitimate reviews (Jones, Bejtlich Rose, 2006). The proof and data that are assembled by any PC crime scene investigation group over the span of the examination are oppressed those exact same conventions, rules and practices that some other measurable information or report are exposed to. As on account of other measurable proof, the data gathered from of advanced scientific examination forms can't be altered or messed with in any capacity, and different established rules ought to be followed to safeguard them, to such an extent that they can be utilized in any reasonable lawful method or preliminary (Li, 2010). Significance of advanced/PC legal sciences: The approach of the web has changed the procedure where wrongdoing scenes were explored before: the dynamic idea of the web is reflected in the manner hoodlums plan and direct violations, along these lines making the assignment of gathering data or proof utilizing the customary systems increasingly more troublesome as time passes (Volonino Anzaldua, 2008). As, the different sites that are utilized arranging or leading any wrongdoing may be available on the web on one day and may be pulled down on the following day (Nikkel, 2014). Then again, as the entrance to web is inescapable in most evolved nations nowadays, hoodlums can access the web from different PC gadgets at various focuses in time, every book from an alternate area. While conventional exploring methods would not have the option to recognize o examine any wrongdoing directed in this procedure, advanced or PC crime scene investigation can be utilized research such episodes (Vacca, 2005). The Internet Protocol (IP) delivers u sed to direct any digital wrongdoing can be effortlessly recognized utilizing advanced legal sciences, which thusly parts with the location of the specific PC used to access the web and the specific time at which the wrongdoing was led: when the time and spot at which the wrongdoing was started opens up to the agents, somewhat more testing would doubtlessly uncover the individual of gathering of people who had led the underhanded (Marshall, 2008). Notwithstanding, computerized criminology can be utilized to gather information or proof in a wide scope of cases other than that of digital violations. It has been seen that numerous wrongdoers who are engaged with wrongdoings like rape, sedate managing, undercover work, blackmail, auto robbery, murder, capturing, monetary violations, criminal hacking and even in psychological oppression, will in general have put away whatever implicating information on their registering machines that are all that could possibly be needed to demonstrate their relationship with such wrongdoings (Solomon, Barrett Broom, 2005). In such cases, the information or proof gathered from their registering gadgets, as uncovered by advanced criminological specialists, are utilized as legitimate proof in all official courtrooms (Mohay, 2003). Impact of the advanced/PC crime scene investigation on society: Let us consider one of the absolute first cases that were unraveled by researching forms that used the assistance of computerized or PC criminology. In 1998, a humble community in Vermont, known as the Fair Haven, saw a homicide in which a bit of funnel bomb was utilized as a weapon. In this specific case, Chris Marquis, who was a multi year old adolescent around then, had allegedly declared on a gathering on the web that he would sell some CB radios on the Internet (Nelson, Phillips Steuart, 2010). In any case, in all actuality he was planned for defrauding the purchasers since he had no such radio gadget to sell. A 35years old individual named Chris Dean got one of his casualties. This individual was from Pierceton in Indiana, and Marquis had conned him for about hundred dollars. At the point when Dean understood that he had been misled, he made a few purposeless endeavors to speak with Marquis and had apparently sent some compromising messages to him. Nonetheless, on the nineteent h of March 1998, a funnel bomb was conveyed by the UPS to Marquis' home: Marquis was murdered as the bomb detonated, leaving his mom seriously harmed (Kessler, 2005). The transportation mark utilized by UPS drove the neighborhood specialists to Dean, and the FBI found the undermining messages found on his PC. These two bits of proof were utilized as the key proof utilizing which Deans contribution in Marquis' demise was demonstrated and Dean was sentenced in a courtroom. At present, Chris Dean is carrying out a real existence punishment in one of the government jails of the nation. The effect of advanced or PC legal sciences on the general public can likewise be shown utilizing the case that has been examined in the accompanying area. In March 2005, a sequential executioner, generally known as the BTK executioner was captured from Wichita in Kansas, in light of the data gave by a solitary computerized record (Kessler, 2005). The executioner had been engaged with a progression of murders for as far back as 30 years: in any case, a little misstep led was at last used by the specialists to end his slaughtering binge. The executioner had a propensity for sending letters to the neighborhood TV focus at Wichita to illuminate the general mass about the murdering he had made: in one such case the executioner had utilized the data about his endeavors to the nearby TV channel. The nearby police got it together of this email, from which the primary name of the creator was effectively discovered. The metadata properties of the mail likewise uncovered the name of the associ ation to which the gadgets had a place utilizing which these messages were being sent. The messages uncovered that the executioner was utilizing one of the figuring gadgets of a congregation, and checking the database of the congregation furnished the researching group with the data that the executioner whom they were searching for was the leader of this specific church. An inquiry at the congregation premises gave numerous such bits of proof to the police: the examiners discovered a floppy circle that contained an archive where a plan for a next committee meeting was talked about, alongside the letter that was sent to the nearby TV station by means of the electronic mail. Until this stage, Dennis Rade was failing to be considered as a suspect for the killings; anyway a solitary of electronic mail was sufficient to uncover the genuine qualities of Pastor Dennis Rade, the leader of the congregation. Hence, it very well may be said that the significance of advanced or PC crime scene investigation is equivalent to that of different strategies that are utilized to keep up harmony and a degree of security in the general public (Solomon, 2011). Significance of computerized/PC crime scene investigation to the field of Information Technology: The coming of innovation is being useful during the time spent growing new and creative advances that can be utilized in recognizing different digital violations, other than gathering data against such wrongdoings and investigating this data to discover such confirmations which can be acknowledged as legitimate confirmations in any official courtroom (Olivier Shenoi, 2006). Broad investigates are being directed all o

Unhealthy Lifestyle free essay sample

Unfortunate LIFESTYLE An undesirable way of life is one of the significant supporter of pretty much every malady, ailment and medical problem that we are looking in this nation and the entire present reality too. Late dozing, eating, breakfast eating, body weight, absence of working out, liquor utilization and smoking, these are the instances of approach to characterize undesirable way of life. Nonetheless, the regular method of characterizing undesirable way of life are poor rest cleanliness, sexual indiscrimination and substance misuse. These days, a huge part of adolescents and youngsters are engaged with undesirable way of life rehearses. Poor rest cleanliness is one of the serious issue that will influence young people of this 21st century. Adolescents these days utilized the majority of their time remaining before the PC, they can have their PC games for throughout the night without dozing, particularly toward the end of the week and occasions, as they had themselves dependent on the game. Gradually, they will destroy their time and will begin to rest in the first part of the day, which is the contrary way and some of them like me even skirt their morning meal in the first part of the day. We will compose a custom exposition test on Undesirable Lifestyle or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † 24-year-old South Korean man passed on subsequent to playing PC games for 86 hours†. I had found out about this a couple of years back prior. This occurred as stuck to the PC and had no fair rest and suppers with no rest! This obviously shows poor rest cleanliness will genuinely influence our wellbeing and will abbreviate our future too! Another approach to characterize undesirable way of life is the sexual wantonness. Sexual wantonness are regularly can be found in our general public, we can see numerous young people these days are pregnant before their marriage and some in any event, having HIV disease. This is on the grounds that they are having poor way of life conduct, they are use to lay down with companions or even outsiders and having numerous sexual accomplices. In this way, one night stand is normally occurred in our general public. What's more, Sexual indiscrimination will prompt numerous social issues. Spontaneous and surprising pregnancy will cause the fetus removal rate to build, this will make the casualty think and sort things out on a negative way and straightforwardly influence their day by day way of life. Other than that, on the off chance that somebody is contaminated by HIV/AIDS sickness, they should confront diverse sort of results that will influence them by intellectually, socially, genuinely issue in their future. To wrap things up, another particular meaning of undesirable way of life is substances misuse. Tobacco is the most normally take by young people. The primary explanation of youngsters smoking is on the grounds that when they are smoking they have an inclination that they are increasingly developed and more shrewd and appear to be progressively rough in spite of the fact that they realize that is terrible for their wellbeing. A large portion of them can't perform well in their scholarly and furthermore in sports too. This is on the grounds that over the top taking cigarette will harm their cerebrum and their lungs. Another sort of substances misuse is mixed beverage and medications. For instance, Alcoholic beverages and medications have become the dependence on adolescents in night clubs, they take mixed beverages and medications only for making them alcoholic and to discharge their pressure and strain. As an end, everybody in this general public should begin rehearsing a decent solid way of life from now onwards. With the goal that legislature don't need to burn through cash on clinical medicines and inquires about and we don't need to experience the ill effects of disorder any longer. Subsequently let us take care of this issue together as youth are the country most significant source since they are the future guardians and pioneers of the country.

Change Model Essay

Envision that you are an official for XYZ, Inc., a top of the line retail chain that sells extravagance watches, gems, and purses. You’ve simply been placed responsible for the company’s first universal extension, opening a store in Shanghai, China. This will be a present moment, little scope change for the association. Following one year, you will be required to start opening extra stores in Brazil, Russia, India, and China (otherwise called the B.R.I.C. nations). This will be a long haul, huge scope change. In five pages, clarify which change model you would follow for the momentary change and which you would follow for the drawn out change. Give reason to your choice and talk about the impacts that these progressions would have on the workers, chiefs, and officials inside the association. Incorporate in any event three references and keep standard APA organizing for your paper. Synopsis Actualizing arranged hierarchical change is halfway a science, incompletely a craftsmanship. It has additionally become piece of an ideal aptitude setâ€and mindsetâ€needed by most organizations, paying little heed to industry, size, and geographic area. While experience is significant in this undertaking, knowing and utilizing great and contemporary knowledge from models, guides, and structures is vital. Chiefs and rehearsing directors recruit mentors and experts who represent considerable authority in change the executives to help analyze, plan, and actualize individual, gathering, and hierarchical changes in their associations. This section presents the craftsmanship and information on actualizing change. Expanding on the initial two parts, we go inside a major picture change guide to show how three CEOs (Mulally at Ford, Bossidy at AlliedSignal/Honeywell, and Andrea Jung at Avon) utilized mentors, hypothesis, skill, information, and fearlessness to effectively design, execute, and change organizations that were in a difficult situation monetarily, operationally, and deliberately in their commercial centers. We show how change champions can utilize these equivalent aptitudes and limits such as visioning, building up a crucial new qualities, rousing change, creating political help, mapping and overseeing partners, and driving the real progress. To viably lead and deal with the execution procedure, it is likewise critical to (1) remember the 10,000 foot view; (2) pick the correct mediations; (3) utilize a sound change model to design and deal with the change procedure; (4) keep individuals drew in and make the motivator for change more prominent than the impetus to remain the equivalent; and (5) recognize and oversee protection from change. This includes seeing how to adjust an organization’s new vision, crucial, qualities to accommodate its technique, culture and individuals, structure, and working systemsâ€as exemplified in the narratives of the three CEOs Mulally, Bossidy, and Jung. They likewise needed to change their own mindsetsâ€become the change they expected of those whom they drove. The part additionally shows what is associated with organizing and allocating people and groups to help drive the change. This includes choosing a support from the association who can be trusted and who can manage the whole change process. At that point an Executive group that works with Leadership and Consulting Project groups must be enrolled to teach, impart, spur, and oversee detail exercises to make the new vision an authoritative reality. At long last, we talk about how to successfully lead and oversee inner and outer partners during the usage procedure. This requires perceiving and managing legislative issues, force, and struggle to guarantee moral and synergistic societies and practices in all change endeavors. View as multi-pages

Carriage of Goods by Sea - Free Essay Example

Part A: Butcher Ltd KRY Ltd The contract of affreightment is evidenced by the bill of lading where, as here, the goods to be carried only form part of the total cargo. The liability of the carrier under the bill of lading is now subject to a combination of the rules introduced by the Maritime Law Committee of the International Law Association held in the Hague in 1921 as revised by the Brussels Protocol of 1968, known collectively as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Hague/Visby Rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is agreed here that the bill of lading is subject to English law which passed legislation (the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971) to implement these rules. It is also necessary to have regard to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 which governs all contracts of carriage entered into after 16 September 1992. The object of the Hague/Visby Rules is to establish the minimum obligations of the carrier and to define the maximum immunities to which he is entitled and the extent to which he is able to limit his liability. Article III, rule 2 provides: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods deliveredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . So far as the cobras in Container A are concerned, these are expressly excluded by Art.1(c): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  includes goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carriedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In any event, Art.IV, rule 2 provides the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ca talogue of exceptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which are available to the carrier under the Rules. These include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Neither the carrier or the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from a) Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  While there is little difficulty in interpreting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“faults in navigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“management of the shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is more problematic. The uncertainty arises because of the distinction between the duty to take care of the ship and a duty toward the safety of the cargo which in reality can frequently overlap. The applicable test was propounded by Greer LJ[1]: If the cause of the damage is solely, or even primarily, a neglect to take reasonable care of the cargo, the ship is liable, but if the cause of the damage is a neglect to take reasonable care of the ship, or some part of it, as distinct from the cargo, the ship is relieved from liability; for if the negligence is not negligence towards the ship, but only negligent failure to use the apparatus of the ship for the protection of the cargo, the ship is not so relieved.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Thus, in Gosse Millerd, a cargo of tinplate was damaged by a failure to secure tarpaulins. The House of Lords held that since the purpose of the tarpaulins was to protect the cargo, the conduct in question related to a failure to protect the cargo rather than the management of the ship. In the case of container A, the failure was due to the failure of the crew to secure one of the side doors of the ship. This might be said to relate to a failure to protect the ship. Conversely, contained C was undamaged so it might be argued that the default was specific to the cargo in Container A and did not impinge upon the safety of the ship. It might be expected, therefore, that the ship owners will arg ue the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“safety of the shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  exception in addition to the exclusion of animals clause and the general exclusion contained in clause 3 of the bill of lading. So far as Container B is concerned, this appears to fall within the exception to the Rules described above. Two requirements must be satisfied if the carrier is to escape liability: the cargo must actually be stowed on deck and this fact must be apparent to the innocent transferee from a scrutiny of the bill of lading. In Svenska Traktor v Maritime Agencies[2], a consignment of tractors had been shipped under a bill of lading which conferred a liberty upon the carrier to stow the cargo on deck One of the tractors was washed overboard during the voyage. Pilcher J (at p.300) held: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A mere general liberty to carry goods on deck is not, in my view, a statement in the contract of carriage that the goods are in fact being carried on deck.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As is apparent from Encyclopae dia Britannica v Hong Kong Producer[3], even a liberty to do so unless the shipper lodges an objection will not suffice. Accordingly, the qualification (applicable in the event to Contained B) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if sufficient space is not available below deckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  will be unlikely to save the ship from an action in this regard by Butcher Ltd since the bill of lading does not make it sufficiently clear that the cargo will be carried on deck. In this instance, it is unlikely that the carrier will be able to rely upon the exception to the Rules discussed above since the loss of Container B from the deck would appear to be reasonably foreseeable and not related to the management of the ship as opposed to care for the safety of the cargo. It is perhaps fortunate for Butcher Ltd that the carrier will incur primary liability in respect of Container B since their policy of insurance with Max Insurance Corporation is likely to be held to be seriously defective in respect of Contain er B. In Rozanes v Bowen[4], it was held: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It has been for centuries in England that the law in connection with insurance of all sorts, marine fire, life, guarantee and every kind of policy, that, as the underwriter knows nothing and the man who comes to him to ask him to insure knows everything, it is the duty of the assuredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to make full disclosure to the underwriters, without being asked, of all the material circumstances.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This principle was applied in Hood v West End Motor Car Packing Co[5] in which a policy of insurance was avoided on the basis that the assured had failed to declare that the cargo may be carried on deck thus increasing the risk. The subject of deviation is treated strictly by the Rules. Article IV, rule 4 limits permissible deviation to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any deviation in attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It is said[6] that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the co urts in the United Kingdom have given an extremely restricted interpretation to the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonable deviationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with the result that there are few reported cases in which the concept has been successfully invokedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, in this instance, the bill of lading contains an express clause allowing deviation in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"special circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Since clauses of this type are principally inserted for the benefit of the shipowner, they will be interpreted strictly and contra preferentem. In Glynn v Margetson[7], a cargo of oranges was loaded in Malaga for shipment to Liverpool. The bill of lading gave the vessel express permission to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“proceed to and stay at any port or ports in any rotationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Despite the breathtaking breadth of this provision to which the shippers had agreed, it was held not to protect the shipowner when the vessel called at ports not on the geographical route to Liverpool whe n the oranges consequently arrived in a damaged state. In this instance, it may be argued that the inclusion of a reference to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“special circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means that this liberty should be construed more strictly and Master Gabettaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s deviation to Valletta does not fall within the definition of such circumstances and the purported protection should be struck down in any event in accordance with the principle propounded in Glynn. Traditionally, such an unjustifiable deviation was regarded as a fundamental breach of the contract of affreightment. Doubt was cast upon this as a result of the decisions in Suisse Atlantique[8] and Photo Production v Securicor[9] but the best guidance is probably to be obtained from the Court of Appeal judgments in The Antares[10] in which Lloyd LJ expressed the view that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the deviation cases should now be assimilated into the ordinary law of contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Wilson[11] opines: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã …“Such an approach would require the courts to take into consideration the entire terms of the contract, including both exceptions and liberty clauses, with a view to discovering whether, on their true construction, the parties intended them to apply to the new situation, I.e. the substituted voyage.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  On such a construction, it appears highly unlikely that the personal imperatives of Master Gabetta would absolve the ship owners from liability in respect of the damage to the watermelons. However, it should be borne in mind that such damage could be argued not to have been caused by the diversion to Valletta but rather by the ensuing delay of some three weeks that was enforced by the port workers strike. Butcher Ltd may be argued to be at the mercy of the strike but the reasons for it will have to be scrutinised. In The New Horizon[12], Lord Denning MR stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I think a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by men done with a view to improving their wages or conditions, or giving vent to a grievance, or making a protest about something or other, or supporting or sympathising with other workmen in such an endeavour. It is distinct from a stoppage which is brought about by an external event such as a bombscare or an apprehension of danger [emphasis supplied].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However, unless the strike can be blamed upon such an external factor, it is probable that the shipowner will be protected by the exception supplied by Art.IV, rule 2(j) of the Rules which expressly provides for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . So far as KRY Ltd is concerned, the bill of lading will act as a document of title to the goods in Container C. This is now expressly provided for by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 which provides that title to sue is vested in the lawful holder of the bill of lading with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lawful holder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  being defined, inter alia, as an indorsee of the bill. The ability of KRY Ltd to sue in tort is subject to the qualification provided in Margarine Union v Cambay Prince[13] in which a cargo of copra was seriously damaged as a result of the negligence of the ship owner. The plaintiff was the holder of a delivery order for part of the cargo issued by the seller under a c.i.f. contract. As the plaintiff did not become owner of the goods until they were ascertained on discharge, it was held that an action in negligence could not lie. This betrays an underlying public policy consideration, namely, the reluctance of the courts to allow recovery for pure economic loss and the undesirability of allowing an indorsee to sue in negligence, unconstrained by the terms of the contract of carriage. This principle, therefore, may well prevent KRY Ltd from pursuing an action in negligence alone and they will therefore be limited by the principles applicable to Container C discussed a bove. Part B: Amount of Cargo At common law the bill of lading in the hands of the shipper is prima facie evidence of the quantity or weight of goods shipped. Accordingly, if the Master is unable to check the quantity, he is at risk of exposing the carriers to liability in the event that the discharged cargo fails to amount to the quantity recorded. The burden upon the carrier is a heavy one since it will then require him to prove that the goods were not in fact shipped. The balance of probabilities test does not apply in this situation and therefore it will not be possible to argue that it is more likely than not (as would appear common sense) that the goods delivered equate to the goods loaded. In Smith v Bedouin Steam Navigation Co[14] 988 bales of jute were delivered under a bill of lading which stated that 1000 bales had been shipped. Lord Shand stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The evidence must be sufficient to lead to the inference not merely that the goods may possibly not have been shipped, but that in point of fact they were not shipped.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In Grant v Norway[15], the position was more extreme still: the Master had signed a bill acknowledging that 12 bales of silk had been shipped where in fact none had been taken on board. It was held that the indorsees of the bill were not entitled to recover when it was in fact established that no bales had been shipped. Jervis CJ stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is not contended that the captain had any real authority to sign bills of lading unless the goods had been shipped; nor can we discover any ground on which a party taking a bill of lading by indorsement would be justified in assuming that he had authority to sign such bills, whether the goods were on board or not.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This created an anomaly in that it rendered meaningless the signature of the Master upon a bill of lading where it was subsequently possible to prove that his acknowledgement of quantity had been incorrect. The Hague/Visby Rules (Art.III, rule 4) remove this protection from the Master in this situation by providing that statements as to quantity in a bill of lading are conclusive evidence in favour of a consignee or indorsee who takes the bill in good faith. This is reinforced by s.4 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 which provides that representations in a bill of lading are conclusive evidence against the carrier in favour of the lawful holder of a bill. However, the Master here has the advantage of being able to contract out of the representation of quantity in the bill. In New Chinese Antimony Co Ltd v Ocean Steamship Co[16], a bill of lading expressly stated that 937 tons of antimony oxide had been shipped. However, the bill contained a standard clause to the effect that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“weight, measurement, contents and value (except for the purpose of estimating freight) [are] unknownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This was a powerful decision in favour of carriers since the Court of Appeal held that this pre-printed clause even had the effect of displacing the express statement as to quantity and that such a statement in such circumstances was evidence only of the amount which the shipper maintained to be comprised in the cargo. It is recommended therefore that the Master in this situation protect the position of his owners by an indorsement on the bill in such terms as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shipperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s countà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“said to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or even a flatly contradictory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“weight and quantity unknown. He should be aware, however, that under the Hague/Visby Rules, (Art.III, rule 2) the shipper is able to demand that the carrier issue a bill of lading showing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity or weight as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The carrier is under no obligation to issue a bill acknowledging the quantity of cargo unle ss required to do so by the shipper. Failure to observe this procedure will of course generally operate to the prejudice of the ultimate consignee. However, it also provides valuable protection to a Master in a situation such as this. This Master should therefore exercise care since the basic position under the Rules is the same as that at common law in terms of the prima facie evidentiary value of the bill of lading so far as determining quantity is concerned with the important qualification that the Rules also provide protection in this regard to a third party to whom the bill has been transferred acting in good faith. The very fact of acting in good faith would give rise to an estoppel preventing the carrier denying the quantity of the bill of lading (no consideration is required) and the Master should have regard to this potential consequence in addition to any duty immediately apparent. Bibliography Dockray, M., Cases and Materials on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, (3rd Ed ., 2004) Treitel, G., The Law of Contract, (11th Ed., 2003) Wilson, J., Carriage of Goods by Sea, (5th Ed., 2004) Westlaw International Convention for the Unification of Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, August 25, 1924 (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Hague Rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) Footnotes [1] Gosse Millerd v Canadian Government Merchant Marine, dissenting judgment upheld by the House of Lords at [1929] AC 223 [2] [1953] 2 QB 295 [3] [1969] 2 Lloydà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rep 536 [4] (1928) 32 LlLR 98 at 102 [5] [1917] 2 KB 38 [6] Wilson, J., Carriage of Goods by Sea, (5th Ed., 2004), p.19 [7] [1893] AC 351 [8] [1967] 1 AC 361 [9] [1980] AC 827 [10] [1987] 1 Lloydà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rep 424 [11] Op. Cit., p.22 [12] [1975] 2 Lloydà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rep 314 at p.317 [13] [1969] 1 KB 219 [14] [1896] AC 70 [15] (1851) 10 CB 665 [16] [1917] 2 KB 664

How Carbon-14 Is Used To Date Artifacts

In the 1950s W.F. Libby and others (University of Chicago) devised a method of estimating the age of organic material based on the decay rate of carbon-14. Carbon-14 dating can be used on objects ranging from a few hundred years old to 50,000 years old. What Is Carbon-14? Carbon-14 is produced in the atmosphere when neutrons from cosmic radiation react with nitrogen atoms: 147N 10n → 146C 11H Free carbon, including the carbon-14 produced in this reaction, can react to form carbon dioxide, a component of air. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, CO2, has a steady-state concentration of about one atom of carbon-14 per every 1012 atoms of carbon-12. Living plants and animals that eat plants (like people) take in carbon dioxide and have the same 14C/12C ratio as the atmosphere. However, when a plant or animal dies, it stops taking in carbon as food or air. The radioactive decay of the carbon that is already present starts to change the ratio of 14C/12C. By measuring how much the ratio is lowered, it is possible to make an estimate of how much time has passed since the plant or animal lived. The decay of carbon-14 is: 146C → 147N 0-1e (half-life is 5720 years) Example Problem A scrap of paper taken from the Dead Sea Scrolls was found to have a 14C/12C ratio of 0.795 times that found in plants living today. Estimate the age of the scroll. Solution The half-life of carbon-14 is known to be 5720 years.​ Radioactive decay is a first order rate process, which means the reaction proceeds according to the following equation: log10 X0/X kt / 2.30 where X0 is the quantity of radioactive material at time zero, X is the amount remaining after time t, and k is the first order rate constant, which is a characteristic of the isotope undergoing decay. Decay rates are usually expressed in terms of their half-life instead of the first order rate constant, where k 0.693 / t1/2 so for this problem: k 0.693 / 5720 years 1.21 x 10-4/year log X0 / X [(1.21 x 10-4/year] x t] / 2.30 X 0.795 X0, so log X0 / X log 1.000/0.795 log 1.26 0.100 therefore, 0.100 [(1.21 x 10-4/year) x t] / 2.30 t 1900 years

Why Did Martin Luther Start The Protestant Reformation.

Why did Martin Luther start the Protestant Reformation? After five centuries, it is easy to reduce the Protestant Reformation to a dispute over corruption in the Roman Catholic Church. But was it dissension over corruption or was it more complex than that? While corruption existed in the Church during the Renaissance, the Reformation was as much about politics, theology, and individualism, as it was about rooting out corruption. When looking at the religious values that guide human choices, why did Martin Luther break away from the Catholic Church? It would seem that patience and more open communication by both sides could have prevented the initial break between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church. This would have spared the†¦show more content†¦Luther’s study of St. Paul, through the lens of St. Augustine, changed how he felt. Luther came to understand that the righteousness of God of which Paul wrote in Romans 1:17, referred to the righteousness by which the sinner is graciously justified by faith, not the standard of righteousness by which God would judge sinners struggling to attain justification by their own efforts. This understanding transformed the troubled monk, who now found peace with God through faith. He saw his discovery or recovery of the ancient Pauline teaching as a radical departure from the views of the medieval doctors of the Catholic Church. And yet this was not so. Unbeknownst to Luther, the leading medieval commentators held the same view of the righteousness of God. Luther also came to understand faith as God’s merciful gift by which we receive the further gift of justification, in contrast to all human efforts to merit or earn God’s favor. As a way of insisting that human beings contribute nothing of their own to justification, Luther insisted that man is justified by faith alone. Luther’s discovery was more than a personal breakthrough. He was by now a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, where he preached this understanding of the righteousness of God to students. Yet not until the question of the sale of indulgences arose in Luther’s diocese did the issue acquire legs, as the journalists say. Luther’s subsequent break with theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther And The Protestant Reformation1029 Words   |  5 Pages The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in the 16th century that was against the Roman Catholic and its way of controlling things. Martin Luther, a reformer along with John Calvin and Henchurches VII. Luther may have had full faith in God, but he also had fear in him and his powers. They questioned the authority of the church and argued over political and religious powers in the hands of the bible. Martin Luther was the starter of it all. Martin Luther was a German monk who decided to startRead MoreMakayla Horton. Dr. Skaggs. 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Its significance though like many other things is not only found in the lasting historical effect has had, but also the eternal effect it has had on people s live. So what is the Protestant Reformation? According to theopedia.com it is â€Å"Protestantism is the movement within Christianity, representing a splitRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1978 Words   |  8 PagesFrom the time Christianity began to the time of the Protestant Reformation, for about a millennium and a half, there was only one sect of Christianity: Catholicism. After the Protestant Reformation, however, different Christian denominations sprang up in many parts of Europe. The Protestant Reformation’s beginning is most commonly associated with Martin Luther’s beliefs and his protest of the wrongdoings of the Catholic Church. Before the Reformation, the Catholic Church was more interested in raising

Creationism and Darwinism Essay Example For Students

Creationism and Darwinism Essay creationism (kr-she-nzem) nounThe position that the account of the creation of the universe given at the beginning of the Bible is literally true. Creationism is the theory that man, the earth, and the rest of the universe was originally created rather than randomly exploding from nothingness into chance existence. We reside on the surface of a small superbly crafted, autonomous self regulating space vehicle. Together with survival, conquest and death we bear witness to beauty, fragrances, love and music. Think about this. Mathematics, philosophy, springtime, depravity, farming, courtship, quasars, and bubble gum; all came from nothingness?, formed by chance? Of all the generations thus far to inhabit the Earth, we have the least excuse for not recognizing the quiet presence of The Scientific Mathematician who set everything into motion around us. We should be in awe, not presumptuous and skeptical. About 3,000 years ago King David of Israel wrote (Psalm 8:3-4) When I consider Your h eavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and the stars, which You have ordained; what is man that you are mindful of him? And the son of man, that You visit him?Creationism is the product of a literal interpretation of the Biblical story of Genesis. It holds that God created the world in a single act approximately 6,000 years ago-and that human beings, animals, and other forms of life exist today much as they did then. To many creationists, the theory of evolution is heresy. They argue that fossil records and other scientific evidence of evolution are either false or were themselves created by God. In the beginning, God created the heaven and earth.And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; And divided the light from darkness. And God Called the light day, and the darkness he called night . And the evening and the morning were the first day. And God said let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters. Ands God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; And it was so. And God called the firmament heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. And God said, let the waters under the heavens be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear, and it was so. And God called the dry land earth; and the gathering together of the waters called the seas: And God saw that it was good. And God said, let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit trees yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: And it was so. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding, fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind; and God saw that it was good. And the evening and the morning were the third day. And God said let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light upon the earth; and it was so. .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 , .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .postImageUrl , .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 , .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389:hover , .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389:visited , .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389:active { border:0!important; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389:active , .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389 .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u048a0dc7f1ad3360bc7311dc03a54389:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: USACE EssayAnd God made two great lights: The greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night: He made the stars also. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth. And to rule over the day and over the night and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. And the evening, and the morning were the fourth day. And God said, let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath light, and fowls that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind; and God saw that it was good. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. And God said, let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle and creeping things, and beasts of the earth after his kind: And it was so. And God made the beasts of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and everything that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in His own image, in the image of God, He created him; male and female He created them. And God blessed them, and said unto them, be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fowl of the air and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth and every tree, in which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meal; and it was so. And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. Darwinism (drw-nzem) nounA theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individuals ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theorySome of the early forms of animals were poorly adapted, and their species did not survive. Eventually, the animals as we know them today were formed and survived. This preservation of favourable individual differences and variations, and the destruction of those which are injurious, I have called Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest. The Scopes Monkey TrialsThe Scopes Monkey Trial makes headlines in July as Dayton, Tenn., schoolteacher John T. Scopes, 25, goes on trial for violating a March 13 law against teaching evolution in the states public schools. Backed by the American Civil Liberties Union, Scopes has tested the law by acquainting his classes with the 1859 teachings of Charles Darwin. Defended by Chicago attorneys Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone, he is prosecuted by former secretary of state William Jennings Bryan, found guilty, and fined $100. Bryan dies of apoplexy July 26. Scopes Monkey trials:Williams Jenning Bryan, three-time Democratic candidate for President and a populist, was the leading figure in a Fundamentalist crusade to banish Darwins theory of evolution from American classrooms. Clarence Darrow, who was approaching 70, decided to join the battle in Dayton. Darrow was not the first choice of the ACLU, who was concerned that Darrows zealous agnosticism might turn the trial into a broadside attack on religion. .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb , .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .postImageUrl , .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb , .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb:hover , .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb:visited , .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb:active { border:0!important; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb:active , .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ued5f76264228306c1e216635c234faeb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anatomy Final ExamScopes (skops), John Thomas 1900-1970American teacher who violated a state law by teaching the theory of evolution in a Tennessee high school. His trial (July 1925) was a highly publicized confrontation between defense attorney Clarence Darrow and the director of the prosecution William Jennings Bryan. Scopes was found guilty and fined a nominal sum, but his conviction was later reversed on technical grounds.

Mis Development Essays - Information Technology Management

Mis Development MIS Development The term Management Information Systems (MIS) has come to refer to a wide range of applications of computers to data processing and analysis problems in the private and public sectors. The pace of developments in computing in general, and MIS in particular, is breathtaking. Traditional concepts of how computers can and should be integrated into businesses are being challenged by worldwide telecommunications and transmission of sound, graphics, and video alongside of text. Virtually all successful businesses use computers extensively. If you don't like computers, and want to have a career in business that involves little use of them?think again. You don't have to like them, but you will have to deal with them extensively. This is a fact of life along with the hole in the ozone, Oklahoma City, TWA 800, AIDS, and The Real World on MTV (now in its fifth season!). Computers can have a profound impact on the way that power is distributed in society. Those who ignore computers are apt to be left out of important decisions. You may even become the person in your firm who has responsibility for your firm's use of information technology. Nevertheless, many people have little understanding of what computers are and what they can do. There is a desperate need in our society for liberally educated people who are able to balance the enormous possibilities of computing with its potentially harmful consequences. In the business world, there has been a gap between those who are computer smart and those who speak the language of business. You need to know enough about computers to be able to: understand how computers support decision making and how they can be used to obtain strategic advantages; understand the challenges posed by the rise of the Internet; understand how the computer works in order to have a feel for the computer's limitations; understand how data is stored and managed; understand how to store and retrieve data yourself; understand the different types of computer systems and when one type or another is appropriate; understand how the overall parts of an MIS system work together and what some of the functions that they accomplish are; understand how to state computer system requirements and understand how computer systems are built; understand how computing is managed in the corporate environment; understand some of the social issues which computers raise. Achieving these objectives will give you the tools you will need to function effectively in the business environment. Bibliography www.gorgetown.com

Shoes and Bags Company

Shoes and Bags Company Introduction Fashion industry is one of the most developed industries around the world. Many firms have come up in this industry because it is very lucrative. In the United Kingdom, this industry is one of the most attractive, employing a large number of the country’s populace, especially in the private sector. Some of the commodities that have received a lot of attention are bags and shoes (Eggert Ulaga 2002, p. 78).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Shoes and Bags Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These items have become the most commonly purchased items from among the male and female customers. For men, shoes would always be the determinant of one’s class. For this reason, they would shop around; looking for a pair that would reflect a class he would want to identify with. The retailers of this product must therefore know the quality that this section of the market would be looking for. This market segment does not value bags so much. However, they also buy this product, especially the laptop bags or briefcases that would help them during the short journeys. On the other hand, women are the major market segment for bags. They value this product because, just like men, this would always be the symbol of their status (Barnes, Blake Pinder 2009, p. 93). They would want a product that meets their specifications. They would also need shoes to match such bags they purchase. The attractiveness of this industry and the open market structure in this country that allows free entry of firms into this industry has seen an influx of firms into this industry. These firms have mastered the art of trade. Furthermore, they are very competitive. Shoe and Bag Company operates in this field. Although considered one of the leading firms in this industry, this firm finds itself in a very competitive market, with new firms emerging into this industry. There has been a need to ensure that th e firm remains competitive in this industry. Shoes and Bags Company Shoes and Bags Company is a medium sized retail firm that has specialized on the fashion products, especially shoes and bags. This firm operates 50 stores in the entire country. The firm has 3000 part-time employees, and 2000 full-time employees based in various stores. This firm is very dominant in London, where it has 20 stores.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Manchester, Wales and Edinburg, it has 10 stores each. At each store, there are 100 employees, 40 of which are full time, while 60 are part time employees, and a senior manager heads each store. The firm has its head office at Paddington, where there is 100 temporary and 200 permanent staff, of which, twenty are considered senior managers. At the top management, there are four directors and the Chief Executive Officer of the firm. The directors head Finance, Human Resource, Customer Service and Retail Outlet Departments. This firm has always been very competitive in this market. The four units have been coordinating very closely to ensure that the firm is prosperous in this increasingly competitive market. One of the greatest strength has been its experience in this industry. This firm has been in existence for a long period and as such, it is able to predict market forces easily and how this would affect the industry, hence the firm. It knows measures to take in case such occurrences take place. However, the emergence of new technologies has caused a complete disruption. Emerging technologies have brought in new forces that are completely new in this industry. As Milroy (1983, p. 90) notes, currently, there are no such things as permanent competitive advantage. What a firm may consider as a competitive advantage today would be its main undoing in tomorrow’s market. As such, there is needed to be flexible in this market in order to manage market dynamics. This proposal is intended to help this company improve its effectiveness across all the departments in its quest to transform its entire outlook in order to be more competitive in this industry.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Shoes and Bags Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed Activity This proposal is meant to help this firm transform its operations, in a bid to ensure that it is in a position to manage the increasing market competition. In specific, this proposal intends to explain how this firm can integrate emerging technologies into all its operations. As Ulaga and Chacour (2001, p. 75) assert, no firm can manage market competition if it fails to adopt emerging technologies. Emerging technologies hold the answer to the majority of current problems that many firms face in their operations. It is important to note that not all the emerging techn ologies are good and applicable to such a firm as this. Some of the emerging technologies are very destructive, and can cause complete disruption to a firm if employed (Gilbert 2001, p. 63). Another factor to consider about emerging technologies is time taken to implement it. Being too early (technology enthusiasts) may be dangerous because a firm may not have time to determine how effective a given new technology is. Similarly, late adoption is dangerous because the technology may be irrelevant by the time it would be implemented by the firm. Customer service would be the first to adopt new technologies. Customers are very important to this firm. They are the defining force concerning the firm’s success. For this reason, they should be taken care of well if the firm expects to retain the current customers, or retain existing ones. As Bailey (1996, p. 36) says, technology has redefined the marketing approach. Internet marketing has gained more relevance. Through websites, com panies are able to reach out for the customers and even conduct a complete transaction. Shoes and Bags Company needs to develop an interactive website for this department. Interactive in that customer can make inquiries and receive feedback within a reasonably good time. This would attract the internet addicts who happen to visit these sites. The website should also sustain a complete transaction by allowing customers to place their order directly through the internet, pay for the product online, and then get this product delivered.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would demand that the websites be complete shops. Complete shops in the essence that it should have variety of products in each line, each product having its own unique code that a customer would choose. Once the product is picked by one customer, it is replaced immediately in the ‘shelve’ with the code that would be uniquely its (Lindgreen Finn 2005, p. 63). The websites should also allow customers put in complain or complements that would to the firm. This would help the research and development section and the quality assurance unit know how the firm’s products are viewed in the market. This website should also be in a position to inform customers of possible promotional campaigns or direct benefits that a firm could have put in place for them. The next unit that would implement emerging technologies is the Retail Outlets. These outlets need modern technologies that would help them manage their stock. The outlets should adopt new stock taking programs th at would help it determine which products are available for and which needs to be replenished (Payne Holt 2001, p. 40). This programs is designed in such a way that each product that is taken into the store as a new product is fed into the system. The system would then track its movement within the store. This will not only eliminate possible pilferage, but also help the firm know the rate of stock turnover. Through this, it would be in a position to determine which category of products makes the bulk of sales. The Finance Department would also need to develop new technologies that would help it manage its duties as per the expectation. The finance unit would require close monitoring of the sales that takes place both in the online market and in the stores. This department is very sensitive. All the departments look onto it to allocate appropriate funds that would enable them run their duties (Piercy 2009, p. 52). This department depends mostly on the finance generated from the sal es process. This firm should be in a position to track down all sales that have taken place and reconcile the accounts to determine any fraud that could have occurred at any of the processes of the firm. This unit may need to outsource professional auditors at this stage. Human Resource would also need to employ new strategies in order to ensure that it performs its tasks to the expectation of the firm. As Cunningham (2000, p. 29) says, human resource and technology are two extremes that may not function as a collaborative unit. One unit would always displace the other. In most of the cases, technology has been seen as a replacement of human resource. However, as Fifield (2007, p. 38) observes these two units should function hand in hand. They should complement each other. As such, the human resource would be required to develop an understanding of the new technologies and how they are applied in market in the normal running of the firm’s activities. Relevant institutional Re sources and Sustainability Relevant institutions would do the above activities, and they would require a given amount of money to implement them and ensure sustainability. The Chief Executive Officer would be at the center of all the activities of this firm. This is because he, as the focal point of the firm, would need to approve these projects after the research and development unit has evaluated them and made recommendations to this regard. The various heads of departments would be concerned with the activities of their departments, save for the finance department, which would be involved in the operations of all other departments by virtues of its role in the firm. In the development of a website for the firm, the customer service department would need to be financed and it would require involvement of all the departments. Other departments would need to be involved in the development of the website because this website would form the company image to the outside community. This task should not be left to one department (Ward 1999, p. 85). Moreover, this department should involve other departments in the development of the website (especially the Retail Outlets Department), because the website is expected to be in a position to support online sales. It would be necessary to harmonize the sales that take place online and those that take place at the stores. The website should also direct its customers to the nearest outlet in case they need to see the items physically. The Finance Department would need to allocate finance for this project in the initial face. This project would be self sustaining after a given period of time. Through advertisements that other institutions would be making through this website, and the sales generated from online sales, this firm would be in a position to generate a lot of revenue through this. The project of the Retail Outlets is specifically for them. Other departments are may not find direct relevance to it as it majorly c oncerns the management of stocks within the stores. The other concerned party in this case would be the Finance Department which would need to fund the project. This project may be a little more expensive than other proposed projects above. However, it would be very helpful in the long run because by eliminating pilferage, it eliminates profit reduction caused by unscrupulous employees. It would also facilitate ease of recording sales rate for each line of products (Weiss 1994, p. 87). Through this, it would be easy to plan on which line of production to increase investment on. This project would need regular funding at intervals as maintenance fee. The proposed activity of the Finance department specifically affects the unit singly and as such, may not need to involve other departments. The main expense for this department would be the cost of paying the outsourced firms to carry out the auditing task. In the proposed activity of the Human Resource Department, there would be a need to incorporate all the departments. According to Ahmed and Rafiq (2002, p. 26), the Personnel Department affects all other departments of the firm. All the departments have employees who are under the Human Resource Department. When ensuring that employees adopt new technologies, it would be done in line with their respective departments. Hence, employee appraisal would be done in their respective units. Evaluation According to Atkinson (1990, p. 39), projects would be evaluated to determine their effectiveness in achieving the objectives they were intended to meet. The aim of the above proposed projects was to ensure that the firm is transformed to reflect the current market structure in order to be in a position to compete effectively with other firms. The projects must therefore be evaluated to determine if they meet the above objective. Different units would do evaluation of the proposed project. The quality assurance team would evaluate the first proposed project. This team wo uld ensure that the websites functions to its intended purpose. This team would assess the performance of this website from various fronts. All the departments of the business would need the website for various functions. The demands of these departments should be met by this website. it is only through this that the website would be said to be performing as per the expectation of the firm. The other departments would also take part in the evaluation of this website. They will be expected to report on the impact of the website to their various duties. In the proposed project of the sock management at the retail stores, the quality assurance unit in conjunction with the retail outlet management will do the evaluation. The focus in this evaluation would be how well this program is able to track stock of the firm once they get into the retail outlets (Woodruff 1997, p. 49). The program must be a security on its own, and it should not be a program that can easily be manipulate by the em ployees. Another aspect that would be of interest during the evaluation process is the employees’ attitude towards this new system. The notion that should arise is that this program is meant to study movement of stock within the stores in order to help in ascertaining the rate of stock turnover and other management records concerning the stock. The employees should not feel that the new program is meant to ensure that they do not carry any item from the shop. This may discourage them for they would feel that the management does not have trust on them. In the finance department, there would be the need to evaluate how well the firm is able to track down sales in order to ensure that they get the right amount they should receive from other departments. The auditing team may help in this. In the human resource department, of interest during the evaluation process would be how well the employees are adapting to the new technologies that the firm is employing at its various units. There would be the need to ensure that employees are well updated on issues relating to the technology. Justification of the Above Approach The above approach would be very important to this firm. As noted in the introductory part, this market is very competitive. New firms are coming into existence with new methods of production, or just new and better products. This industry is very sensitive to emerging technologies. As Bryman (2001, p. 61) states, fashion wears like shoe and bag have very short life span. Once in the market, it may take a short while before another firm comes out with new designs of the products. As is always the case, the market would always move to the new products, which to them, they will consider to offer more value than the existing products. As such, there would be need to ensure that the firm keeps pace with others in advancing their products. Best (2009, p. 72) says that currently, firms may not survive if they fail to manage market forces. Managing ma rket forces in this case implies that the firm is able to produce new products as often as would be necessary in order to remain competitive. This can best be achieved through managing the emerging technologies. By adopting the emerging technologies as stated above, the firm would find it easy to manage emerging technologies. This would help it remain competitive. Timeline The timeline for the adoption of the above-proposed projects per department can best be represented in the Gantt chart below. List of References Ahmed, K Rafiq, M 2002, Internal Marketing tools and concepts for customer-focused management, Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier, Oxford. Atkinson, P 1990, The Ethnographic Imagination: Textual Constructions of Reality Routledge, London. Bailey, A 1996, A Guide to Field Research, California, Forge Press, Pine. Barnes, C, Blake, H Pinder, D 2009, Creating Delivering your Value Proposition, Kogan Page, London. Best, RJ 2009, Market-Based Management Strategies for Growing C ustomer value and Profitability, New Jersey, Pearson. Bryman, A 2001,Social Research Methods, OUP, Oxford. Cunningham, B 2000, The stress management sourcebook, Free Press, Los Angeles. Eggert, A Ulaga, W 2002, â€Å"Customer-perceived value: a substitute for satisfaction in business markets?† Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, Vol. 17, no. 2, pp 107-125. Fifield, P 2007, Marketing Strategy: The Difference between Marketing and Markets, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Gilbert, N 2001, Researching Social Life, Sage, London. Lindgreen, A Finn, W 2005, â€Å"Value in business markets: What do we know? Where are we going? Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 34, no. 2, pp 732- 748. Milroy, L 1983, Observing and Analyzing Natural Language, Blackwell, Oxford. Payne, A Holt, S 2001, â€Å"Diagnosing Customer Value: Integrating the Value Process and Relationship Marketing†, British Journal of Management, Vol. 12, no. 2, pp 159 182. Piercy, NF 2009, Market -Led Strategic Change, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Ulaga, W Chacour, S 2001, â€Å"Measuring customer-perceived value in business markets: a prerequisite for marketing strategy development and implementation†, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 30, no. 6, pp 525 540. Ward, K 1999, Cyber-ethnography, and the emergence of the virtually new community, Journal of Information Technology 14: 95-105. Weiss, R 1994, Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies, The Free Press, New York. Woodruff, RB 1997, â€Å"Customer Value: The Next Source for Competitive Advantage†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp 139-154.

The use of budgets in the improvement of management performance and Essay

The use of budgets in the improvement of management performance and control within global businesses - Essay Example What were relevant a century ago are no longer valid because of increased competition and ever changing products, their characteristics and consumer preferences. The following piece of information would be useful for companies presently engaged in traditional budgeting but willing to switch over to other types of budgeting. The purposes of budgeting One of the functions of management is â€Å"planning†. Budgeting is a part and form of planning necessitated by resource constraints. It has been defined as the formal expression of plans, goals, and objectives a management is committed to, concerning all aspects of operations in a business for a given period of time. It is a part of profit planning mechanism based on forecasting and probabilities according to the manager’s best judgement. Budgeting is more often found to be useful in making a business more profitable (Shim, Siegel, & Shim, 2011). Thus, budgeting helps estimate resources in terms of monetary value needed for business activities. Budgeting process forces one to rigorous thinking and the realities of the process will also force one to rethink the plans. Budgeting helps in determining the timing of the requirements. The business is able to monitor its income and expenditure and identify problems if any. It is the basis for accountability of managers and provides transparency. Without the budget, funds cannot be raised from financiers (Shapiro, 2001). Conventional budgeting Called traditional budgeting, it is based on the historical accounting though for the first year the figures are only estimates. Past expenditures are taken as bench marks for future performance. Thus, the budget turns out as list of planned expenditure and incomes. These budgets calculate estimated sales through market demand or production capacity and arrive at estimated revenues. It main purpose is to verify whether actual results are as per the estimates made for each cost or responsibility centre. Thus, budgeting s erves as a management tool for the purpose of controlling the responsibility centres. It also helps to have an overview of how different responsibility centres are interrelated. This type of budgeting can be useful for producer dominated markets such as those existed during the period immediately after world war II when demand for products was high with limited competition (Rohm, 2007). Types of budgets Unlike traditional budgeting which is function oriented, activity based budgeting (ABB) focuses on activity. It looks at the budgeted cost of activities that are required for manufacture and sale of products or for providing services. The activity based budgeting is directly linked to cost management as a part of planning and control. As in traditional budgeting, ABB starts with the forecasting of demand for the company’s products or services known as sales budget. Where as in functional budgeting, company proceeds to make inventory budget, material purchases and the cost of g oods sold budget, ABB considers the demand for output of each activity determined by its cost driver. Rate of consumption of resources for each activity is used for estimating or budgeting the needed resources. In functional budgeting, resources required are directly measured with the use of sales forecasted. In ABB, sales forecasts are employed to measure the activities which then enable determination of resource requirement. This way a company is able control waste and efficiency which is the ultimate goal of budgeting. Application of activity based costing helps preparation of master budget in a more practical manner. In effect, ABB applies the ABC model which assigns resource costs to activities and allocates activity costs to produce products and services (Shim, Siegel, & Shim, 2011). Zero Based

Case Study of a Merger and Acquisition case Essay

Case Study of a Merger and Acquisition case - Essay Example cussed above that this acquisition was done through an RBS led bank consortium comprising of The Royal Bank of Scotland, Fortis Group NV of Belgium & Santander Central Hispano SA of Spain.(Forton,2007). However, during this whole process during which the efforts to acquire the bank were undertaken, Barclay’s- one of the oldest banks in UK- also remained active for the acquisition of the bank. It is also important to note that negotiations between Barclays and ABN Amro were almost finalized and Barclays was on its way to become the largest banking group in the world worth  £94 Billion however, due to certain legal complications and higher bid by RBS led consortium, the deal between Barclays and ABN Amro could not be materialized. The actual deal between both the firms was to be materialized through 70% of the cash and 30% of the RBS shares given to ABN Amro shareholders. Since this deal was brokered through a consortium therefore as per the mutual understanding of the consortium members, the operations of ABN Amro were to be divided. The Royal Bank of Scotland- as the main player in the deal- therefore planned to take over the Chicago operations of the bank, its wholesale operations while other two banks would take its Brazilian as well as Dutch operations. Barclays in its bid also agreed to shift its headquarters to Amsterdam and was even ready to cut most of its UK workforce as a part of the deal. However, RBS was able to attract the attention of investors because of high value of cash involved in the overall deal. RBS promised to pay  £16 Billion for the wholesales operations of ABN which was considered as 32 times higher than the profits of that segment of the business. At that time, it was considered as the bargain as RBS was banking on the possibility of cost saving through restructuring of the operations. Both ABN and RBS were working in the same industry at the time of acquisition and the industry as a whole was faring well. It is also however,

Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan Essay Example for Free

Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan Essay Culture enables people to adjust to their physical as well as social environment. Culture enables the members of society to develop ways of coping with the exigencies of nature as well as ways of harnessing their environment. People also have to learn to relate themselves with others in order to survive. As Schwartz (1998:48) pointed out, the culture of any society represents an adaptation or adjustment to the various conditions of life, including their physical, social, and supernatural environment. No culture is completely static. Every culture is in constant flux; and the changes represent adjustments to the environment. Culture changes at different rates. The changes occur as a result of discoveries, inventions, and cultural borrowing. In some areas, control of the natural environment has been pursued to a point that the society has become endangered. Natural resources, such as bodies of water, forests, plant and animal life and minerals, have been so exploited that the environment is close to destruction. The acceptance of change depends on the exposure of the members of society to new ideas and ways different from their own and their opportunity to accept ideas and ways through diffusion. United States and Japan are belonging to different continents, locations and have different set of people; however, these two countries have similarities in some ways. Its people adapt and practice different cultures. Its culture shapes the behaviors and characteristics of its people that will make them noticeable that these groups of people are come from United States and Japan. Thesis Statement: This study will conduct a cross cultural psychology comparison of Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan; thus, describes its functions, similarities and differences. II. Discussion A. Its culture, similarities and differences o United States There are a lot of groups of people that reside in United States; whites made up 83. 2 percent of the populations; blacks 11. 7 percent; American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts 0. 6 percent; Asian and Pacific Islanders 1. 5 percent; and other nonwhites 3. 0 percent. The nonwhite groups are concentrated in various parts of the country. Freedom in matters of education and the right of every child to have an education are basic principles in the United States. Unlike many other nations, the United States does not have a central or federal system of education, Establishing and administering public schools is one of the powers exercised by each state (Fritsch, 2001). The state, in turn, delegates much of this responsibility to local school districts. Literacy in the United States is high just like in Japan. In comparison to Japan (which only has two major religions), no other country in the world has a greater variety of religions, communions, denominations, and sects than the United States. More than 220 religious bodies report membership figures. Nearly all branches of Christianity and almost all Protestant denominations are represented. Japan and United States has the same views when it comes to religion (Katzman, 2003). The United States also believe that religious freedom and separation of church and state should be made. Government cannot interfere with religion or show preference for one religion over another. It cannot set up an official, or established, church, nor give support to any religion or to all religions. In the early days of the republic, United States artists and writers were generally regarded as inferior to those in Europe. Be the end of the 19th century, however, an independent national literature of high quality had been established by renowned writers (O’Neill, 2004). Music in the United States was strongly influenced by European music, and study in Europe was considered a necessary part of musical training far into the 20th century. America’s most influential contribution to music was jazz, a form originated by blacks and based on African rhythms. The musical which evolved from burlesque and operetta, was another American innovation. For many years, architects in the United States simply adapted European styles to American climate, landscape, and materials. The favorable economic position and amount of leisure enjoyed by the people of the United States give them unusual opportunities for recreation. Paid vacations became the rule for most industrial and office workers. The most popular outdoor spectator sports are football and baseball. Horse racing and automobile racing have large followings (Kurelek, 2005). o Japan The Japanese people are largely of Mongoloid stock, but little is known about their specific origin. Successive groups of migrating Asians from the mainland are believed to have settled on the islands some time before 300 A. D. Confronting them were the islands’ earliest known inhabitants— the Ainus, a Japanese people have developed from the mingling of these different ethnic groups. Only a few hundred full-blooded Ainus remain, on Hokkaido. Japanese culture is partly of Chinese origin and partly indigenous, for the Japanese adapted and did not merely imitate the culture of the mainland. Since the middle of the 19th century, Japan has been influenced more by the culture of Western countries than by that of its neighbors (Morton, 2004). Adoption of many Western ways produced sharp contrasts between the new and the old. Buildings and clothing, for example, are now seen in both traditional and Western styles. Among forces that have helped to mold the Japanese character are Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian religious beliefs, the effects of a long feudal period, and the influences of the Japanese industrial revolution. With industrialization came a change from rural to urban living. American influences have been particularly strong since World War II (Smith, 2005). Moreover, its art has been strongly influenced too by Chinese art. From the mainland came the technique of ink painting on silk and the Buddhist influences in sculpture and painting. Flourishing throughout Japan are no, classical plays in which the actors wear masks depicting their character; bunraku, puppet plays; and kabuki, drama with stylized chanting and dancing. An important part of Japanese culture is the tea ceremony, a highly formal ritual, of which there are many variations. As a way of entertaining guests, it is regarded as the best expression of traditional etiquette. Some of the traditional arts—especially classical Japanese music and dance and the tea ceremony—are part of the repertoire of geisha, female entertainers who perform for groups of men. In addition, the family is a traditional and strong institution in Japan. It has a formal structure with authority vested in the male head of the family. The wife is expected to be subservient. Children learn discipline and their respective roles in the family at an early age. Sons are given preference over daughters, and the eldest son is superior to all others (Elkin, 2004). However, many of the more repressive aspects of the family, such as that of parents determining marriages, have weakened since World War II. Japanese homes are noted for their simplicity. Nearly all are built of wood. In many homes, paper-covered wooden frames, called shoji, are used for windows and doors. Being light and easily moved, they allow much of the house to be opened to the out-of-doors. Some homes are adjoined by landscaped gardens. Rooms usually have thick mats, called tatami, on the floor and very little furniture (Elkin, 2004). With regards to Japanese language and religion, the Japanese language is unrelated to other Oriental tongues. However, it is written in characters that originally adapted from Chinese writing. Furthermore, like in the United States, the Japanese constitution provides for freedom of religion and separation of church and state. The two major religions are Shinto and Buddhism. Many Japanese adhere, in varying degrees, to both. With regards to their education, six years elementary education and three of lower secondary school are free and compulsory for children 6 to 15 years of age. At the three-year upper secondary schools, tuition is charged. Education in Japan is highly competitive, and admission to upper secondary school and to college is determined by rigorous entrance examination. As a result, many Japanese children spend their after-school hours attending jukas, â€Å"cram† schools that specialize in preparing students for entrance examinations and other school tests. Japan has virtually no illiteracy (Christopher, 2003). III. Conclusion In conclusion, as I study the two different cultures, I have realized that United States and Japan have some similarities when it comes to their origin. Japan was most influenced by the Westerners and its origin was contributed by other indigenous groups and so is with United States. Everything that we can see from the Japanese and American culture are already been modified by other influences. However, in spite of the strong adaptation of different culture, Japanese remained their being family-oriented. They value the essence of having a united family; thus, a well-structured family role is formed so that each member can have its function. Unlike with the United States, it is very much influenced by the European settlers and based their competencies in European countries. Its culture is more focused on its development to the extent that internal competencies are suffered. I would say that Japanese culture is superb compared to United States because Japan is able to maintain their traditional ways in spite of economic development. Reference: 1. Fritsch, A. J. (2001). The Ethnic Atlas of the United States (Facts on File). 2. Katzman, D. M. (2003). Plain Folks: the Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans (University of Illinois). 3. O’Neill, Thomas. (2003). Back Roads America: a Portfolio of Her People (National Geographic Society). 4. Kurelek, William (2005). They Sought a New World: the Story of European Immigration to North America (Tundra Books). 5. Morton, W. S. (2004). Japan: Its History and Culture (McGraw-Hill). 6. Smith, R. J. (2005). Japanese Society: Tradition, Self, and the Social Order (Cambridge University). 7. Elkin, Judith. (2004). A Family in Japan (Lerner). 8. Christopher, R. C. (2003). The Japanese Mind: the Goliath Explained (Linden Press).

Anasazi Great Houses of the Chaco Canyon Region Essay -- essays resear

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Native American architecture varies greatly from region to region throughout North America, and was influenced by factors such as climate, kind of community, and the natural environment. Whereas some buildings were designed and constructed for specified functions, others, such as Anasazi great houses, were massive multi-purpose structures. Because great houses from Chaco Canyon are so well preserved, it is possible to have a decent understanding of the structure of Anasazi architecture for analysis. A close examination of the innovative Anasazi great house architecture of the Chaco Canyon region reveals its utilitarian value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaco Canyon, located in northwest New Mexico, is full of plateaus and canyons. Though the area may appear unsuitable for habitation, the Anasazi were able to adapt to this environment by building homes using materials found in abundance around the Chaco Canyon region. (Fig. 1) The apartment style of building of great houses, â€Å"multistoried communal strongholds†1 , began to appear during the late ninth century, dying down into the twelfth century A.D.2 While wood usually had to be imported from a distance, sandstone was readily available and used primarily in this geometric style of architecture. Although no one knows the exact reasons why, the Anasazi moved to create these large complexes now known as great houses, breaking away from previously more traditional pithouse communities. Perhaps it was safer to commune as a large group, protecting themselves from enemies. Another possibility can be seen through examination of the heating and cooling benefit s of the Chaco Canyon great house style of architecture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solar energy and climate were major contributing factors in the building plans of Anasazi architecture. The climate can be harsh in the Four Corners region of the country, with extremely hot days and very cool nights, unbearably hot summers, and frigid winters. In order to protect the inhabitants from their environment, the Anasazi architects incorporated their knowledge of the effect of solar energy on building materials, as well as location of the sun in determining how the structures may most efficiently either absorb or reflect heat. â€Å"A southern exposure would have taken advantage of the low, southern winter sun angle, helping keep rooms wa... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pueblo Period in New Mexico.† Journal of Field Archaeology (Winter 1989)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  405-25. Schreiber, Stephen D. â€Å"Engineering Feats of the Anasazi: Buildings, Roads, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dams.† In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, ed. Baker H.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morrow and V.B. Price, 77-87. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press, 1997. Stuart, David E. and Susan Moczygemba-McKinsey. Anasazi America: Seventeen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Centuries on the Road from Center Place. Albuquerque: University of New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mexico Press, 2000. Van Dyke, Ruth M. â€Å"The Chaco Connection: Evaluating Bonito-Style   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture in Outlier Communities.† Journal of Anthropological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture (December 1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  471-506.